A systematic review in the Educational Research Review has analyzed the evidence on prerequisites for implementing Assessment for Learning(AfL) in classroom practice. The aim was not to provide a “recipe for success,”but to generate a better understanding of what needs to be considered.
A total of 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, nine were conducted in the context of primary education, ten in secondary, and six covered both. The results included data from eleven different countries, but most of the studies were conducted in the US (n = 9).
The authors found that:
- The knowledge, skills, and attitudes of individual teachers influenced the establishment of an AfL-based learning environment. Pedagogical knowledge and content knowledge had an impact on a teacher’s ability to provide students with accurate and complete feedback. They also needed to have the ability to foster the participation of students in discussions about their answers, and construct questions that drew out evidence about their learning.
- The quality of AfL was influenced by teachers’ commitment to its underlying ideals,the extent to which they felt responsible for students’ attainment of goals,and their willingness to change their assessment practices to implement AfL.
- To a lesser extent, students’ knowledge, skills, and attitudes also had an impact.A positive attitude and taking an active role in their own learning process was found to foster autonomy and responsibility.
- The wider school context also determined how successfully the implementation of AfL was facilitated. School leaders play an important role and should focus on establishing a school wide AfL culture with a vision and expectations for AfL use, as well as providing time to prepare and for professional development.
The review considered the nature of the assessment itself. It concluded that feedback should besu bstantial, constructive, and focused, and provide the students with cues for how to proceed. AfL should be aligned with the curriculum and standards, as well as being integrated into classroom teaching (rather than being an add-on activity).